The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, otherwise known as the Massey–Lévesque Commission, chaired by Vincent Massey, examined Canada's cultural sovereignty from the United States and various other nations. The report released its findings in 1951 when it concluded that Canada was indeed threatened, culturally, by the United States of America. The Massey Report recommended the creation of cultural institutions such as the National Library of Canada, the Canada Council, and other grant-giving government agencies.